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Umrao Jaan Ada
''Umrao Jaan Ada'' () is an Urdu novel by Mirza Hadi Ruswa (1857–1931), first published in 1899.〔 It is considered the first Urdu novel by many〔(Umrao Jaan Ada by Mirza Hadi Ruswa ) Umrao Jaan at sasw.chass.ncsu.edu〕 and tells the story of a courtesan and poet by the same name from 19th century Lucknow, as recounted by her to the author.
==History and theme==
According to the novel, the story of Umrao Jaan was recounted by her to the author, when he happened to meet her during a ''mushaira'' (poetry gathering) in Lucknow.〔(Umrao Jaan Ada by Mirza Mohammad Hadi Ruswa ) Translation by Khushwant Singh〕 On listening to her couplets, the author along with Munshi Ahmad, a novel and poetry enthusiast present at the gathering, convince Umrao Jaan to share her life story with them. The novel is written in first person as a memoir.〔(Various translations of Umrao Jaan Ada ) Newsline, 2001〕 The book was first published by Munshi Gulab Singh and Sons Press, Lucknow in 1899.〔(Complete Urdu Text ) 1899 version〕
The novel is known for its elaborate portrayal of mid-19th century Lucknow, its decadent society, and also describes the moral hypocrisy of the patriarchal system of the times, where Umrao Jaan also becomes the symbol of a nation that had long attracted many suitors who were only looking to exploit her.〔
The existence of Umrao Jaan Ada is disputed among scholars as there are few mentions of her outside of Ruswa's book. She does appear in his earlier unfinished novel ''Afshai Raz'', but is very different from the cultured character in ''Umrao Jaan Ada''. The existence of an Uttar Pradesh dacoit named Fazal Ali is recorded, and there are British documents that mention the claims of a courtesan named Azizan Bai who stated that she was taught by Umrao Jaan.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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